2020 Survey of Snefru's Pyramids at Dahshur:

Unveiling the story so far

Introduction

The following article is based on a report by Franck Monnier, Associate Researcher from the French National Centre for Scientific Research. It presents a new survey of the corbelled chambers within Snefru's Bent and Red pyramids at Dahshur, based on photogrammetry work by French company Iconem in 2018. As a consultant to the project, Monnier was involved in the research design and gave the company guidance on where to focus their efforts to optimize data acquisition and survey effectiveness. Once the data was processed, an analysis of the architecture was carried out. I have added the background and some of the questions this report raises.

Sneferu: The Visionary Pharaoh and Pyramid Builder

Sneferu, the founding king of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty (circa 2600 BCE), was a ruler of great ambition, innovation, and architectural prowess. Unlike many of his predecessors, who built relatively modest structures, Sneferu ushered in a new era of pyramid construction, perfecting the techniques that would later allow his son, Khufu, to build the legendary Great Pyramid of Giza. Not only was he the father of Khufu, but he was also the father of Ankhaf, Khufu's vizier, who is believed to have been the chief architect of the Great Pyramid itself. Thus, Sneferu's influence extended far beyond his own reign—his legacy shaped Egypt's golden age of pyramid building.

The Pyramid Builder King

Sneferu is best known for constructing three massive pyramids, a feat unmatched by any other Egyptian ruler. His first was the Meidum Pyramid, an ambitious attempt at a true pyramid. However, its outer casing collapsed due to structural weaknesses, leaving behind a strange, step-like core. Despite this setback, Sneferu did not give up but refined his approach.

His next project was the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur. This pyramid began with a steep angle, but the builders realized the structure was unstable midway through construction. They altered the angle to prevent collapse, giving the pyramid its distinctive bent appearance. Though it wasn't perfect, the Bent Pyramid marked a significant step forward in engineering.

Determined to achieve perfection, Sneferu commissioned the Red Pyramid at Dahshur. Its smooth, even sides and solid foundation made it the first true pyramid. Its success paved the way for Khufu's even grander monument at Giza. Indeed, without Sneferu's willingness to experiment and refine construction techniques, the Great Pyramid may never have been possible.

The internal arrangements of all three pyramids are pretty bizarre.

The pyramids of Sneferu, particularly the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid, resemble chimneys in certain structural and functional aspects: Both pyramids and chimneys are designed with internal passageways that allow air (or smoke in chimneys) to move through them. In Sneferu’s pyramids, corridors and ventilation shafts help maintain air circulation, similar to how a chimney allows smoke to escape.

The pyramids, especially the Red Pyramid, have a steep, angular design that somewhat resembles the shape of a chimney. The Bent Pyramid initially had a steeper angle before transitioning to a shallower one, mimicking the gradual widening seen in some ancient chimney designs.

Like chimneys, the pyramids have a broad base that tapers upward, helping to evenly distribute weight and prevent collapse. This conical or pyramidal shape provides stability in stone structures or brick chimneys.

While pyramids were not designed to vent smoke, they have internal shafts leading to the exterior. These have sometimes been theorized as ventilation channels, which is similar in function to how chimneys allow gases to escape from a structure.

This comparison might not be perfect, but these similarities in structure and airflow principles create an interesting analogy!

Sneferu in Myth and Legend

Beyond his architectural achievements, Sneferu's name appears in later Egyptian literature, most notably in the Westcar Papyrus—a collection of magical tales set in the court of his son, Khufu. One of these stories recounts an episode from Sneferu's own reign. Feeling restless, the king calls upon his priests to cheer him up, and they suggest he take a boat ride with a group of beautiful young women. During the outing, one of the rowers loses a precious turquoise amulet in the water and is heartbroken. Sneferu summons a magician who parts the waters, retrieves the jewel, and restores the boat ride's joy. The story is full of mysterious numbers, and if you would like to know about them, let me know in the comments below.

Interestingly, another tale in the Westcar Papyrus tells of Djedi, an old magician who performs wondrous feats for Khufu, such as reattaching a severed head to a goose. Some scholars have suggested that Djedi is, in fact, a ghostly incarnation of Sneferu—an ageing king returning in spirit to advise his son. If true, this would add another mystical layer to Sneferu's legacy, portraying him not only as a builder and innovator but also as a figure of wisdom and magic.

A Legacy of Innovation

Sneferu's reign set the stage for Egypt's most iconic monuments. His innovations in pyramid construction enabled the grandeur of Giza, while his presence in Egyptian lore suggests he remained a revered figure long after his death. Through his pyramids, his sons, and the stories that kept his memory alive, Sneferu was one of the most influential rulers in Egyptian history.

Background and Previous Explorations of the Bent and Red Pyramids

The exploration of the Bent Pyramid dates back to 1839 when John Shae Perring cleared rubble from its descending passage, revealing an intricate system of chambers. His sectional drawings and textual descriptions provided an early understanding of the pyramid's internal structure. However, it wasn't until 1946 that a systematic survey was conducted by Egyptian Egyptologist Abd el-Salam Hussein. Unfortunately, his sudden passing in 1949 left many of his findings unpublished.

Subsequent studies in the 1950s by Ahmed Fakhry added more details about the pyramid's upper chamber, which was filled with masonry blocks and wooden beams. His observations noted that parts of the ceiling had collapsed, raising concerns about the structural stability of the chamber. Later, in the 1960s, Italian architects Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi meticulously documented the pyramid's architectural features, though their measurements contained inaccuracies that persisted in scholarly literature for decades.

Similarly, the Red Pyramid, also built by Snefru, received little attention until its initial exploration in the 19th century. Perring's measurements, though insightful, remained largely unverified until modern surveys were conducted.

The earthly remains of King Sneferu have not yet been found or positively identified. Some Egyptologists believe his sarcophagus and mummy may lie in his Red Pyramid in a hidden chamber. Lepre claims: "The Red Pyramid remains one of the chief pyramids that may possibly contain secret chambers, not the least of which may be the true burial chamber of King Sneferu himself."

New Photogrammetry Survey: A Leap Forward

The 2018 photogrammetry survey, directed by archaeologist Franck Monnier, provided a much-needed reassessment of the upper chambers of both pyramids. By using drone technology and high-resolution imaging, researchers produced accurate 3D digital models, allowing for precise architectural analysis.

The Bent Pyramid's Upper Chamber

The Bent Pyramid's upper chamber has long intrigued researchers due to its unique architectural modifications. The survey confirmed that the chamber underwent multiple construction phases. Initially designed with a corbelled vault, the structure was later reinforced with wooden beams and masonry to prevent collapse.

One of the most significant findings was that the chamber's floor had been raised twice, altering its original design. These modifications suggest that ancient builders encountered stability issues, prompting them to strengthen the structure. The photogrammetry survey also corrected previous inaccuracies regarding the chamber's height. While earlier reports suggested a height of 16.5 meters, the new measurements indicated a height of approximately 14 meters.

Additionally, the survey revealed extensive cracking in the upper corbels, raising concerns about the chamber's long-term stability. Structural analysis suggests that the limestone blocks, initially stable, began expanding over time, causing fractures. These findings highlight the need for ongoing preservation efforts.

The Red Pyramid's Upper Chamber

Like the Bent Pyramid, the Red Pyramid's upper chamber was also subject to inaccurate measurements in previous studies. Perring's 19th-century report indicated a chamber height of 14.67 meters with 14 corbels. However, the photogrammetry survey revealed that the chamber is 13.68 meters high with only 13 corbels.

Another intriguing discovery was the presence of an ancient looter's excavation in the chamber's floor, along with an abandoned tunnel leading into the northern wall. While the reason for this attempted tunnel remains unclear, it suggests that looters may have believed another hidden chamber existed.

Understanding Construction Techniques and Structural Challenges

Both pyramids showcase an advanced understanding of construction techniques and reveal the challenges ancient builders faced. The presence of wooden beams in the Bent Pyramid suggests they were used as temporary supports during construction rather than as a response to structural failure. Moreover, the decision to fill the chamber with masonry indicates an effort to reinforce the structure rather than simply abandon it due to defects.

The research also demonstrated that certain modifications, such as reshaping the corbels, inadvertently contributed to long-term damage. The weakening of structural elements over time, exacerbated by natural stone expansion, resulted in cracking and potential risks of collapse. These observations underscore the importance of modern engineering assessments in preserving these ancient monuments.

Implications and Future Research

The findings from the study emphasize the need for continued architectural surveys using modern techniques. Photogrammetry has proven to be a cost-effective and precise method for documenting complex structures, and its application in pyramid research has already yielded critical insights. Comprehensive surveys should be conducted on other pyramid interiors to create a complete and accurate architectural database.

Furthermore, the research highlights the need for conservation strategies to mitigate structural deterioration. The identification of fractures in the Bent Pyramid's upper chamber suggests that stabilization efforts may be necessary to prevent further damage.

Monnier's Conclusions

The 2018 photogrammetry survey of Snefru's pyramids at Dahshur has significantly improved our understanding of their architectural evolution and structural integrity. By correcting previous measurement inaccuracies and identifying key construction modifications, the study has provided invaluable insights into the challenges faced by ancient builders.

Moreover, the findings underscore the effectiveness of digital imaging technology in archaeological research, setting a new standard for documenting and preserving ancient monuments. As scholars continue to explore Egypt's pyramids, integrating modern tools will undoubtedly play a crucial role in unravelling the mysteries of these ancient structures.

Further Thoughts

Monnier is an excellent scholar and engineer and is right about the need for accurate measurements and the need to understand how these precious monuments were constructed to aid their conservation for the future; however, the mysteries he alludes to in his conclusions will never be revealed by modern scientific scholarship like this because the mysteries are metaphysical, even when they are expressed in layers of hard physical stone.

Of course, other scholars have presented their ideas on why Sneferu built three pyramids and several satellite and regional pyramids in separate papers and books. Their suggestions range from engineering experimentation to political and religious motivations. More often than not, Sneferu's multiple pyramids are viewed as a learning process that led to perfecting pyramid construction techniques. The Meidum Pyramid, originally designed as a step pyramid, collapsed due to structural instability. Similarly, the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur had to be modified midway through construction because the initial steep angle made it prone to collapse. These failures, it is claimed, provided valuable lessons, ultimately leading to the successful Red Pyramid, the first true smooth-sided pyramid in Egypt (Lepre, 2024). And according to Hawass (2024), the design modifications were crucial for refining construction techniques, which were later used in the Great Pyramid of Khufu. Sneferu's architects experimented with different angles, construction methods, and materials to develop a stable and lasting pyramid.

Demonstration of Power and Legitimacy

An alternate suggestion is that Sneferu may have also built multiple pyramids to assert his divine authority and political legitimacy over his troublesome people. The transition from the Third to the Fourth Dynasty was a period of political restructuring, and pyramid construction allowed Sneferu to consolidate his power (Santillian & Thomas, 2017). He reinforced his presence across Egypt by undertaking such building projects, which amounted to about four times the weight of stone moved by the builders of Khufu's Great Pyramid. Others have seen it as a job creation scheme and a form of economic stimulation, keeping the workforce occupied and ensuring political stability (Filer, 2006).

Religious Significance and Solar Symbolism

More interestingly, some scholars argue that Sneferu's pyramids reflect evolving religious beliefs, particularly the rising influence of solar worship. The Red Pyramid and Bent Pyramid were known as "Sneferu's Two Glorious Pyramids," possibly symbolizing the horizon (Akhet) where the sun rises and sets (Irigaray, 2020).

Egyptologists like Magli (2009) suggest that Sneferu's pyramid complex at Dahshur was part of a larger astronomical plan, aligning with celestial events. This would have reinforced his divine connection with Ra, the sun god, a tradition that later influenced his son Khufu's pyramid at Giza.

Possible Jubilee Celebration (Heb-Sed Festival)

One intriguing theory is that some of Sneferu's pyramids were associated with the Heb-Sed festival, a rejuvenation ceremony for the king. The existence of two major pyramids at Dahshur might indicate that Sneferu intended to use them for rituals celebrating his continued rule (Perrin, 2021). The Bent Pyramid's two entrances may symbolize dual aspects of kingship—earthly and divine sovereignty—reinforcing his position as ruler in both realms.

Practical Considerations: Location and Burial Intentions

Another practical reason for multiple pyramids is that Sneferu may have changed his mind about his final burial site. The Meidum Pyramid's instability likely made it unsuitable, and the Bent Pyramid's flaws may have prompted the construction of the Red Pyramid, which ultimately served as his burial place (Filer, 2006).

Moreover, moving pyramid construction closer to the capital city, Memphis, may have been a strategic choice to enhance administration and security (Romney, 2021).

Ultimately, Sneferu's reign marked a turning point in Egyptian architecture, influencing the design of future pyramids for centuries to come. Scholars believe his pyramid-building spree reflects a combination of experimentation, political ambition, religious ideology, and practical considerations and laid the groundwork for the perfected pyramidal form in Khufu's Great Pyramid.

I’ll be investigating the pyramids of Sneferu and the mythology attached to him towards the end of the year, so keep your eyes peeled for further developments.

References:

• Lepre, J.P. (2024). The Egyptian Pyramids: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company: London, 1990.

• Monnier, F. (2020). A new survey of the upper chambers of Snefru's pyramids at Dahshur", JAEA 4.

• Hawass, Z. (2024). Mountains of the Pharaohs: The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders. Google Books. Link

• Irigaray, C. (2020). The Pyramids of Sneferu. Academia.edu. PDF

• Santillian, B., & Thomas, S. (2017). Snefru: Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty. Google Books. Link

• Magli, G. (2009). Mysteries and Discoveries of Archaeoastronomy: From Giza to Easter Island. Springer. Link

• Perrin, J. (2021). Mound to Mountain: The Evolutionary Path to Building the Great Pyramid. Ancient Origins. Link

• Filer, J. (2006). Pyramids. Google Books. Link

• Romney, N. (2021). Dynasties of Egypt: Decoding the Origins of the Greatest Pharaohs and Their Legacy of Monuments. Google Books.